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1 paper-back
كِتاب مُغَلَّف بِوَرَق \ paper-back: a book with a paper cover, not a hard cover. -
2 Townes, Charles Hard
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 28 July 1915 Greenville, South Carolina, USA[br]American physicist who developed the maser and contributed to the development of the laser.[br]Charles H.Townes entered Furman University, Greenville, at the early age of 16 and in 1935 obtained a BA in modern languages and a BS in physics. After a year of postgraduate study at Duke University, he received a master's degree in physics in 1936. He then went on to the California Institute of Technology, where he obtained a PhD in 1939. From 1939 to 1947 he worked at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, mainly on airborne radar, although he also did some work on radio astronomy. In 1948 he joined Columbia University as Associate Professor of Physics and in 1950 was appointed a full professor. He was Director of the University's Radiation Laboratory from 1950 to 1952, and from 1952 to 1955 he was Chairman of the Physics Department.To meet the need for an oscillator generating very short wavelength electromagnetic radiation, Townes in 1951 realized that use could be made of the different natural energy levels of atoms and molecules. The practical application of this idea was achieved in his laboratory in 1953 using ammonia gas to make the device known as a maser (an acronym of microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). The maser was developed in the next few years and in 1958, in a joint paper with his brother-in-law Arthur L. Schawlow, Townes suggested the possibility of a further development into optical frequencies or an optical maser, later known as a laser (an acronym of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). Two years later the first such device was made by Theodore H. Maiman.In 1959 Townes was given leave from Columbia University to serve as Vice-President and Director of Research at the Institute for Defense Analyses until 1961. He was then appointed Provost and Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1967 he became University Professor of Physics at the University of California, where he has extended his research interests in the field of microwave and infra-red astronomy. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American Astronomical Society.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize for Physics 1964. Foreign Member, Royal Society of London. President, American Physical Society 1967. Townes has received many awards from American and other scientific societies and institutions and honorary degrees from more than twenty universities.BibliographyTownes is the author of many scientific papers and, with Arthur L.Schawlow, ofMicrowave Spectroscopy (1955).1980, entry, McGraw-Hill Modern Scientists and Engineers, Part 3, New York, pp. 227– 8 (autobiography).1991, entry, The Nobel Century, London, p. 106 (autobiography).Further ReadingT.Wasson (ed.), 1987, Nobel Prize Winners, New York, pp. 1,071–3 (contains a short biography).RTS -
3 звонкая бумага
Русско-английский словарь по деревообрабатывающей промышленности > звонкая бумага
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4 распечатка на бумаге
плотная бумага; картон — hard paper
лист бумаги формата,8Х83,8 см — double copy
лист бумаги формата 50,8?83,8 см — double copy
оттиск, отпечатанный на сиреневой бумаге — lilac copy
Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > распечатка на бумаге
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5 твердая бумажная изоляция
Русско-английский политехнический словарь > твердая бумажная изоляция
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6 гильзы fpl из клеёной бумаги
Словарь по целлюлозно-бумажному производству > гильзы fpl из клеёной бумаги
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7 ёмкости fpl из клееной бумаги
Словарь по целлюлозно-бумажному производству > ёмкости fpl из клееной бумаги
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8 стаканчики mpl из клеёной бумаги
Словарь по целлюлозно-бумажному производству > стаканчики mpl из клеёной бумаги
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9 трубы fpl из клеёной бумаги
Словарь по целлюлозно-бумажному производству > трубы fpl из клеёной бумаги
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10 плотная бумага
1) General subject: cartridge paper, cartridge-paper (для рисования и для патронных гильз)2) Engineering: cardboard, heavyweight paper3) Polygraphy: heavy paper4) Cartography: thick paper5) Makarov: adhesive felt (макулатурная), crate liner (упаковочная), hard paper, vellum (писчая) -
11 картон
1) General subject: cardboard, carton, cartonnage, cartoon (этюд для фрески и т. п.), hatbox, pasteboard, (цветной)(используемый для поделок) construction paper, (цветной)(используемый для поделок) sugar paper2) Naval: mill card3) Engineering: board (массой свыше 250 г/кв.см), cardboard box, draft of drawing, paper, paperboard, sketch, weatherproof board4) Construction: paste board, stratum board6) Architecture: hardboard7) Painting: cartoon (этюд для фрески и т.п.)8) Polygraphy: card, hard paper, paper board9) Textile: card (жаккардового или кареточного механизма)10) Cellulose: cartonboard11) Polymers: millboard12) Makarov: carton (для изготовления коробок), mill board, pressboard -
12 kovapaperi
forest and paper industry• hard paperforest and paper industry• bond paper -
13 бакелитизированная бумага
Forestry: bakelite paper, bakelized paper, hard paperУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > бакелитизированная бумага
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14 Hartpapier
n <pap.kunst> ■ manila paper -
15 Hartpapier
Hartpapier n hard paper, kraft board, kraft paper, laminated paperDeutsch-Englisch Fachwörterbuch Architektur und Bauwesen > Hartpapier
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16 клеёная бумага
1) Engineering: sized paper2) Forestry: hard paper -
17 контрастная фотобумага
1) Polygraphy: contrast paper2) Makarov: hard paperУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > контрастная фотобумага
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18 звонкая бумага
Forestry: hard paper -
19 немнущаяся бумага
Forestry: hard paper -
20 твёрдая бумажная изоляция
Engineering: hard paper insulationУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > твёрдая бумажная изоляция
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Hard — (h[aum]rd), a. [Compar. {Harder} ( [ e]r); superl. {Hardest}.] [OE. hard, heard, AS. heard; akin to OS. & D. hard, G. hart, OHG. herti, harti, Icel. har[eth]r, Dan. haard, Sw. h[*a]rd, Goth. hardus, Gr. kraty s strong, ka rtos, kra tos, strength … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Hard and fast — Hard Hard (h[aum]rd), a. [Compar. {Harder} ( [ e]r); superl. {Hardest}.] [OE. hard, heard, AS. heard; akin to OS. & D. hard, G. hart, OHG. herti, harti, Icel. har[eth]r, Dan. haard, Sw. h[*a]rd, Goth. hardus, Gr. kraty s strong, ka rtos, kra tos … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Hard cancer — Hard Hard (h[aum]rd), a. [Compar. {Harder} ( [ e]r); superl. {Hardest}.] [OE. hard, heard, AS. heard; akin to OS. & D. hard, G. hart, OHG. herti, harti, Icel. har[eth]r, Dan. haard, Sw. h[*a]rd, Goth. hardus, Gr. kraty s strong, ka rtos, kra tos … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Hard case — Hard Hard (h[aum]rd), a. [Compar. {Harder} ( [ e]r); superl. {Hardest}.] [OE. hard, heard, AS. heard; akin to OS. & D. hard, G. hart, OHG. herti, harti, Icel. har[eth]r, Dan. haard, Sw. h[*a]rd, Goth. hardus, Gr. kraty s strong, ka rtos, kra tos … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Hard clam — Hard Hard (h[aum]rd), a. [Compar. {Harder} ( [ e]r); superl. {Hardest}.] [OE. hard, heard, AS. heard; akin to OS. & D. hard, G. hart, OHG. herti, harti, Icel. har[eth]r, Dan. haard, Sw. h[*a]rd, Goth. hardus, Gr. kraty s strong, ka rtos, kra tos … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Hard coal — Hard Hard (h[aum]rd), a. [Compar. {Harder} ( [ e]r); superl. {Hardest}.] [OE. hard, heard, AS. heard; akin to OS. & D. hard, G. hart, OHG. herti, harti, Icel. har[eth]r, Dan. haard, Sw. h[*a]rd, Goth. hardus, Gr. kraty s strong, ka rtos, kra tos … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Hard finish — Hard Hard (h[aum]rd), a. [Compar. {Harder} ( [ e]r); superl. {Hardest}.] [OE. hard, heard, AS. heard; akin to OS. & D. hard, G. hart, OHG. herti, harti, Icel. har[eth]r, Dan. haard, Sw. h[*a]rd, Goth. hardus, Gr. kraty s strong, ka rtos, kra tos … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English